IPR ( INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS)

                             INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS(IPR)

Intellectual Property Right is not a new concept in Biotechnology and in Science.It is a product of Industrial World.Intellectual Property Rights is collective term given to a number of different types of legal rights granted by each country.

OR

Intellectual Property Rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds.They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her certain period of time.

TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

There are different types of Intellectual Properties-

• COPYRIGHT
• PATENTS
• TRADEMARK
• TRADESECRET
• INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
• GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS

COPYRIGHT-

Copyrights protect original works of authorship,such as literature, artistic work,and computer software.As the holder of a copyright,you have the exclusive right to reproduce,adapt, and distribute the work.

PATENT-

Patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention.Generally speaking,a patent provides the patent owner with the right to decide how-or whether-the invention can be used by others.In the exchange for this right,the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available in the published patent document.

TRADEMARK-

The trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or service of an enterprise from those of other enterprises.Trademarks date back to ancient times when craftsmen used to put their signature or "mark" on their products.

TRADESECRET-

A Trade secret is a formula,process,device, or the other business information that companies keep secret to give them an advantage over their competitors.

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN-

An industrial design constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article.A design may consist of three-dimensional features,such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features,such as patterns, lines or color.

GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS-

Geographical indications and appellations of origin are signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin. Most commonly,a geographical indication includes the name of the place of origin of the goods.

BIOPROCESS & TYPES OF BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY

BIOPROCESS

The bioprocess is the industrial  application of biological pathways or reaction mediated by living whole cells of animals,plants and microorganisms or  enzymes under controlled conditions for the biotransformation of raw material into products.

The bioprocess technology involves mainly three parts-

-Upstream Process

-Bioreaction & Bioreactors

-Downstream Processing

UPSTREAM PROCESS-

The Upstream Stage of the production process involves searching for and extracting material.This part of process simply finds and extracts the raw material.


DOWNSTREAM PROCESS-

The Down Stream Stage in the production process involves processing the material collected during the Upstream Stage into a Finish Products.


BIO REACTOR-

An apparatus a large fermentation chamber, for growing organisms like bacteria or yeast that are used in biotechnological production of substance such as pharmaceuticals, antibodies or vaccines for the bio conversion of organic waste.

Bioreactors can be classified according to the type of biocatalysts and the type of bioreactions.
The first classification is based on the type biological used-

- MICROBIAL FERMENTERS
-ENZYMES REACTOR

FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

                                           

         FUNDAMENTAL OF BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

pH-

pH is a Measurement of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances.The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is and ranges from 0 to 14. A pH less then 7 is acidic and a pH greater then is Basic.

pH SCALE

The pH  scale is used for a Measurement of Acidity or the concentration of H+ ions in aqueous medium.


BUFFER

A Buffer solution is typically made by mixing a weak acid and one of its salts or mixing a weak base with one of its salts.

OR

A buffer is a solution containing either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt, which is resistant to changes in pH.


ACID

Acids that taste sour,such as vinegar,which is a dilute solution of acetic acid. the solution have a pH of less than 7.

" If a solution contains more H+ than OH- ions, then its acidic.


BASE

Base are characterized by bitter taste  and slippery feel. The pH Basic Solution at standard conditions is greater than Seven.

"If a solution contains more OH- than H+ ions, then its is basic.

PRODUCTION STRATEGIES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

                          PRODUCTION STRATEGIES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

The Biotechnology Development Strategy takes stock of What has been accomplished and provides a Framework for the Future within Which strategies and specific actions  to promote Biotechnology can be taken.The Policy Framework is a result of wide Consultation with Stakeholders-Scientists, Educationalist,Regulators,Representatives of Society and Others and Reflects their Consensus. It focuses on cross-cutting issues such as Human resource development Academic and Industry interface, infrastructure development, Lab and Manufacturing, promotion of Industry and trade, Biotechnology parks and Incubators,Regulatory Mechanism Public Education and Awareness Building. 

This Policy also aims to chalk out the path of progress in sectors such as Agriculture and Food Biotechnology, Industrial Biotechnology, Therapeutic and Medical Biotechnology, Regenerative and Genomic Medicine, Diagnostic Biotechnology, Bio-engineering, Nano-Biotechnology, bio-Informatics and IT enabled Biotechnology, Clinical Biotechnology, Manufacturing & Bio-Processing, Research services, Bio-Resources, Environment and Intellectual Property & Patent Law.

Several State Governments have Enunciated Biotech Policies spelling out a comprehensive Blueprint for the Sector. It is, therefore, prudent to have a 6 National Biotech Development Strategy that charts an integrated 10-year road map with clear directions and destinations. This is the time for investment in frontier technologies such as Biotechnology. It is envisaged that clearly thought-out strategies will provide direction and enable action by various stakeholders to achieve the full potential of this exciting field for the Social and Economic well being of the Nation.This was the production strategies in Biotechnology & There are many more different strategies where Government are working on That.

FERMENTATION AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF FERMENTATION

CONTRIBUTION OF LOUIS PASTEUR TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF                                     CLASSICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY



Louis Pasteur was a French Chemist and Microbiologist Who was the founder of  medical microbiology. He discovered that microorganisms that cause fermentation and disease. He has originated the process of pasteurization,He saved the beer, wine and silk industries and developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies.
Louis Pasteur published his first report in 1857, on alcohol fermentation later in 1860.He revealed some of the complex physiological processes that happens during fermentation. He had proved that fermentation is the consequences of anaerobic life.
 Louis Pasteur also worked with silkworm and he became an expert silkworm breeder and identified the organisms that caused the silkworm diseases, He had developed a vaccine foe chicken cholera disease. On these fields He had contributed in classical biotechnology which is very beneficial for classical biotechnology and modern biotechnology.




              FERMENTATION AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF FERMENTATION

Fermentation is that process where the breakdown of complex molecules in organic compounds, caused by the influence of a fermentation, bacteria cause milk to curdle by fermentation.

                                                                 OR

Fermentation is that process in which that substance breaks down into a simple substance. Microorganisms like yeast and bacteria plays a role in fermentation process, for making beer,wine,bread, yoghurt etc.There are three types of Fermentation that he proved that fermentation is the consequences of anaerobic life and three types of fermentation were identified-

-Fermentation, Which generates gas
-Fermentation, results in Alcohol 
-Fermentation, results in acids

COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL( TRADITIONAL) BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MODERN (NEW) BIOTECHNOLOGY -

 Comparison Between Classical( Traditional) Biotechnology and Modern(New) Biotechnology- 
Comparison Between Classical( Traditional) Biotechnology and Modern(New) Biotechnology -

Classical (Traditional) Biotechnology- 

Classical biotechnology refers to a number of ancient ways of using living organisms to make new products. Classical Biotechnology can be traced back to human's transition from hunter - gatherer to farmer.As Farmers, Humans collected wild plants and cultivated them and the best yielding strains were selected for growing the following seasons.

-Classical Biotechnology that uses microorganisms for producing alcohol acetic acid,sugar and food stuff. Where Microorganism can change food stuff.

-Process that helped by microorganism, for an example with fermentation. The result such as cheese, yoghurt. The process considered as Traditional or Classical Biotechnology.

Modern Biotechnology- 

Modern Biotechnology refers to a number of techniques that involves the international manipulation of genes,cells and living tissue in a predictable and controlled manner to generate changes in the genetic make-up of an organism or produce new tissue.

-Along with the development of science, The Expert have started again to develop biotechnology by utilizing scientific principle through research. In modern biotechnology people can produce products effectively and efficiently.

-Modern Biotechnology is not only used in the Food Industry but has covered too many fields like genetic engineering,pollution management and so far. This is based on the manipulation besides utilizing microbiology and biochemistry on basic way.

FIRST RECOMBINAT DNA & NAME FOUR RECOMBINANT DNA PRODUCTS

            FIRST RECOMBINANT DNA & NAME FOUR RECOMBINANT 
           DNA PRODUCTS

FIRST RECOMBINANT DNA

Recombinant DNA molecules are DNA molecules formed by Laboratory Method of Genetic Recombination to bring together Genetic Material from multiple Sources,Creating Sequences that would not otherwise be found in Biological Organisms.


The First Production of Recombinant DNA Molecules, Using Restriction Enzymes,Occurred in 1970.Recombinant DNA Technology involves the joining of DNA from different Species and Subsequently inserting the Hybrid DNA into a Host Cell,Often a Bacterium.Researchers at San Francisco and Stanford used Restriction Enzymes to cut DNA from different Species at Specific Sites,and then Fused the cut Strands from the different Species back together.Stanley Cohen of Stanford and Herbert Boyer applied for a patent on Recombinant DNA Technology in 1974 That was granted in 1980. A Biochemist at Stanford who was among the first to produce a Recombinant DNA Molecule in 1972.

FOUR RECOMBINANT DNA PRODUCTS NAME-

1-VACCINES VACCINES 

2-MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

3-INTERFERONS 

4-GROWTH FACTORS

These are the Main Recombinant DNA Products Which are also available in the Indian Market.

LACTIC ACID BACILLUS & ITS ROLE IN THE FORMATION OF CURD

                  

    LACTIC ACID BACILLUS & ITS ROLE IN THE FORMATION OF CURD

Lactic Acid Bacillus-

Its a member of Genus Lactobacillus.This is the Bacteria Which Produce Lactic Acid from Ferment able Sugars Which are Gram+ & Aerobic.This Bacteria found in Decomposing Plants & Milk Products.

Explanation-

In The End of 19th Century , Eduard Buchner observed the Formation of Ethanol & Carbon dioxide,When Cell free extract of yeast was added to an Aqueous Solution of Sugar. Thus he proved that cells are not essential for the Process. The Fermentation process was modified in Germany during First World War. For making Explosive Nitrogylcerine. Similarly,Military Armament  Programmes Discovered New Technologies in Food & Chemical Industries,Which help them win Battle in the First World War.For Example, they used the Bacteria that convert corn into acetone for making the Explosive,cordite. 
In India our ancestors developed a number of traditional fermented food in addition to curd by using yeast & bacteria.


         

AN OVERVIEW OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

                                                                                                                                                         OVERVIEW OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Man has been employing living organisms knowingly or unknowingly from prehistoric times for the production of various things like alcoholic beverages,curd,cheese etc.The ancient Indian system of medicine Ayurveda used the self-generated alcohol as the medium in the
medicines.From these it is very evident that the the term use of biotechnology is not a recent phenomenon but a very old technology.
The term biotechnology was used before the 20th century for making dairy products cheese, curd, bread, wine, beer etc.These were traditional activities thats why  none of these could be considered biotechnology in the modern sense. The process of fermentation for making the products like alcohol,beer,wine. dairy products, different type of organic acid like vinegar, citric acid, amino acids and vitamins can be say or termed as the classical or traditional biotechnology.

 

                                             BIOTECHNOLOGY- 

There are several definitions of biotechnology but in a simple language Biotechnology is the 'controlled use of  biological agents like cells cell or cellular components for beneficial use'.
                                                                         OR
Biotechnology can be defined as 'the use of living organisms,cell or cellular components for the production of  compounds or precise genetic improvement of living things for the benefit of human being.
                                                                        OR
Biotechnology is that technological application that uses biological system, living, organism, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.


-Along with the development of science, The Expert have started again to develop biotechnology by utilizing scientific principle through research. In modern biotechnology people can produce products effectively and efficiently.

-Modern Biotechnology is not only used in the Food Industry but has covered too many fields like genetic engineering,pollution management and so far. This is based on the manipulation besides utilizing microbiology and biochemistry on basic way.

BRANCHES OF LIFE SCIENCE (PART-2)

                                                            NEUROBIOLOGY

The study of the Anatomy, Physiology & Biochemistry of  the Nervous System is Called 
NEUROBIOLOGY.

                                                              PALEONTOLOGY

The Scientific study of life in the geologic past, especially through the study of Animal & Plant Fossils. 
                                                                         OR

Paleontology is the study of  the fossil evidence for all life on planet earth plant & Animal alike.

                                                                 PATHOLOGY

Pathology changes in a person an animal or a plant that are caused by disease.

                                                                       OR
Pathology is that Science or study of  the origin nature & cause of diseases in ancient time.

                                                                PHYSIOLOGY 

Physiology is that study Where we studies about about the origin, nature & cause of diseases to flow it happens.

                                                          PLANT PATHOLOGY

Plant pathology is that study Where We study about the diseases of plants.

                                                                     

                                                       POPULATION BIOLOGY

Population Biology is studies of  that Biology where We studies of groups of  con specific organisms.

                                                                        OR

A Population Biology is the collection of inter breeding organisms of a particular species.

                                                                SOCIOBIOLOGY

Sociobiology is the comparative study between the biological basis of social organization & behavior animals & humans & basically its studies about the regard to their genetic basis & evolutionary history.

                                                                        OR

The Study of  Social behavior in animals and humans is called SOCIOBIOLOGY.

                                                          STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY

Structural Biology is that biology Where We studies about the branch of  Molecular Biology, Biochemistry & Biophysics.

                                                            SYSTEM BIOLOGY

System Biology is that biology Where we understand the Bio Medical Systems in different analytic bases.

                                                              TOXICOLOGY

Toxic means poison So, this is the study about that Science Which deals with the effects of  chemical, physical and biological agents & how a living things react to them.

                                                                 ZOOLOGY 

Zoology is that Science Where We study about the animals and their classifications,nature, physiology, habits, there development.

BRANCHES OF LIFE SCIENCE (PART-1)

                                                                     ECOLOGY

Ecology  deals with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment.  
                                                        

                                                              EPIDEMIOLOGY

This is the study of the distribution & determinants of health-related states or events in specified population & the application of this study to control of Health problems.

                                                                         OR

Epidemiology is a branch of Medical Science that deals with the incidence,distribution & control of disease in a population.
                                                             

                                                 
                                                    EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

This Biology is deals  with the processes of change in populations of organisms, especially taxonomy, palaeontology, ethology population genetics & ecology.
                                                      

                                                          
                                                                          GENETICS

Deals with the heredity & variation of organisms.
                                                                              
                                                                             OR

Genetics is the Scientific Study of how genes control the characteristics of plants & animals.
                                                            

                                                                  
                                                                  HEMATOLOGY 

This Diagnosis or Treatment & prevention of disease of the blood & bone marrow.
                                                                         
                                                                         OR
Study of the nature function and disease of the blood & of blood forming organs.
                                                                          
                                                                         OR

The Branch Of Medicines that deals with diseases of the blood.
                                                             

                                                                 
                                                                   MYCOLOGY

Studies of Fungi called Mycology.
                                                                
                                                                          OR

Dealing with the study of fungi is called Mycology.
                                                           

                                                      MARINE BIOLOGY

Marine Biology is that science involving the study of animals and plants that lives in the ocean and the shoreline and how they interact with the environment.
                                                              
                                                                   OR

Marine Biology is the study of life in the ocean and other salt water environment.  
                                                               
                                                                   OR

In Marine Biology where We studies about that animals & plants who lives oceans.
                                                       

                                                        MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology is that biology dealing with the structure ,function uses & modes of existence of Microscopic organisms.
                                                               OR

Study Of Microorganisms is called Microbiology.
                                                         

                                                    
                                                       MOLECULAR  BIOLOGY

Molecular Biology is the branch of biology that deals with the structure ,function & manipulation of nucleic acids & proteins.
                                                       

                                                             



                                                        

                                                             

LIFE SCIENCE & ITS BRANCHES

                                  

                                                              LIFE SCIENCES  
An area of Science that deals with living things and life processes.

                                                                           OR
Any Science that deals with living organisms, their life processes and their interrelationships,as Biology, Medicine or Ecology.

                                               BRANCHES OF LIFE SCIENCES

There are many branches of Life Sciences. but some are major branches which are as follows-

       

                                                             AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is an art and Science of growing plants and other crops and other raising of  the animals for food,or other human needs economic gain.

                                                            ANATOMY

 Anatomy is that branch where we study the structure of Living Organism.

                                                          BIOCHEMISTRY

Biochemistry is also a branch of Science In this Science We studies the chemical reaction process Which happens in Animals and Plants.

                                                        BIO ENGINEERING 

Bio engineering is also known as Genetic Engineering. This is the process Where Scientist modify the genome of an organism for making organism better in some way.

                                                         BIO MECHANICS 

Bio mechanics is the study of action of external and internal living body. or u can say we study mechanical nature in our body as heart action and muscle movement.

                                                    BIO MEDICAL RESEARCH
Bio medical Research is also a branch of  Life Sciences Where,We study of health and diseases in Animals and Plants.

BIOPHYSICS

Study of Biological process in Animals and Plants through Physics by applying some theories and methods which is use in Biological Sciences.

                                                     BIOTECHNOLOGY

 Biotechnology is a technology based Biology Where this technology is uses for living organism and their products for making a modify the product to improve plants and animals or develop microorganism for specific uses.

                                                           BOTANY 
                                                       
                       Study of Plants is called Botany.

                                                          CELL BIOLOGY

Cell Biology is a branch of Biology where we studies the functions of cells.

                                             DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

In this Biology We studies the development and growth of  Animal or Plant.